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The chapters in this volume of "Advances in Medicine and Biology,"
present the latest research in medical research. The first chapter
provides a review on the isolation of mitotic chromosomes from HeLa
and other cells. Chapter Two discusses many new hormonal and
non-hormonal contraceptive approaches for men. Chapter Three
studies the risk factors associated with smoking during pregnancy.
Chapter Four presents implications of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
(BVDV) in cell cultures and bioproducts for human and animal
health. Chapter Five reviews the different mechanisms associated
with BVDV infection, by which BVDV triggers an impairment of the
immune response, with special emphasis on its implication in the
development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD). Chapters
Six and Seven examine the the diagnosis, prognosis, management and
emerging treatments for Polycythemia vera (PV). The last chapter
reviews evidence from experimental and clinical studies to show the
potential effect of tea polyphenols on the prevention of
cardiovascular disease (CVD).
The chapters in this volume of "Advances in Medicine and Biology,"
present the latest research in medical research. Chapter One
provides an overview of molecular biology approaches for Dengue
diagnosis and research in Brazil. Chapter Two identifies host
factor predictors and clinical determinants associated with Dengue
Fever versus Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in an adult population.
Chapter Three summarizes the symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic
approaches, and treatment of gastro esophageal reflux disease
(GERD) in children, from a pulmonary perspective. Chapter Four
provides a brief overview on the role of some potential dietary
natural products in the prevention of GERD and treatment with
particular reference to the findings of the latest preclinical
investigations or clinical trials. Chapter Five investigates the
mechanism of onset of syringomyelia, a disease that produces
fluid-containing cavities in the parenchyma of the spinal cord,
using an adhesive spinal arachnoiditis model created by injection
of kaolin into the subarachnoid space. Chapter Six outlines the
approach to syringomyelia that starts with a functionally oriented
classification based on the underlying cause of the syrinx and its
accompanying specific cavitary pattern, and it also elucidates the
main pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggested in the
formation and propagation of the cavitation. Chapter Seven
summarizes the prevalence and virulence characteristics of L.
pneumophila in aquatic environments including natural and
artificially-controlled water environments such as hot springs in
Japan. Chapter Eight discusses the basic biomechanical
characteristics and forces acting on the ankle under static
conditions and their influences on artificial total ankle
replacement designs. The authors of Chapter Nine suggest that the
adverse tissue reaction to aseptic loosening of arthroplasty can
serve as a reliable clinical model, which has a considerable
prevalence and adequately represents the toxicity of nanomaterials
in the human body. They also discuss how to better make use of
previous and ongoing models for nanotoxicology study. Chapter Ten
describes the nasal deformities associated with congenital clefting
and outlines the timing and techniques used to correct these
deformities. Chapter 11 presents the technique and results of
augmentation rhinoplasty with silicone implant in Asians. Chapter
12 discusses surgical treatment of resectable, borderline
resectable and locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancers.
Chapter 13 presents a practically orientated overview of principal
problems of diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls in pulmonary
embolism (PE) affecting elderly patients from the point of view of
a geriatrician. The final chapter examines the negative side
effects of Zolpidem, a medication often used for insomnia.
The chapters in this volume of "Advances in Medicine and Biology,"
present the latest research in medical research. The book begins
with a review of the role of remifentanil in obstetric analgesia.
The following chapter examines oculomotor palsy after obstetric
anesthesia. Chapter three discusses contemporary diagnostic
procedures and the differentiation between benign and malignant
ovarian cysts. Chapter four provides a comprehensive overview of
available information on dog ovarian cysts. Chapter five examines
papain-based carious tissue removal. Chapters six and seven
summarise the current understanding of the pathophysiology of
pruritis associated with jaundice and the currently available
treatment options for the condition, and discuss the rare causes of
obstructive jaundice. Chapter eight highlights all aspects that
have been studied by various workers affecting the stability of
sulfacetamide, particularly, in pharmaceutical systems. Chapter
nine examines post-traumatic inflammation of the white matter.
Chapter ten reviews the role of dexamethasone before, during and
after the surgery, using in vivo and clinical studies. Chapter 11
discusses the 0.7-mg dexamethasone intravitreal implant for the
treatment of posterior noninfectious uveitis. The last chapter
provides research on the advances and challenges in the structural
analysis of milk biomolecules using modern mass spectrometry
techniques.
In this next edition of "Advances in Medicine and Biology,"
chapters include research on the obesity prevention programs for
elementary school-age children; foreign body ingestion in children;
the use of fluorescent tracer retrograde labeling to identify
somatosensory dorsal root ganglia neurons; the contribution of PGE2
induced nociceptor sensitisation and potentiation to chronic pain
conditions; ultrasounds for trigeminal neuralgia; postoperative
monitoring after free tissue transfers; the mobilisation,
collection and transfusion of granulocytes; the defects of
granulocytes and granulopoiesis; near infrared spectroscopy in
neonatal clinical monitoring and in the food and pharmaceutical
industries; and Sarco(endo)Plasmic Reticulum Calcium-ATPases
(SERCAs) and MicroRNAs.
In this next edition of "Advances in Medicine and Biology,"
chapters include research on differential diagnosis, along with
potential treatments for insomnia in children and adults; the
effectiveness of biobehavioral interventions to relieve joint and
muscle dysfunction that occurs in Temporomandibular Joint and
Muscle Disorders (TMJMD), when they are implemented in
community-based clinics; the pharmacological and therapeutic
potential of scorpion venom and their toxins; the relief of
chemical-induced acute colitis through the use of non-anticoagulant
oligosaccharides of enoxaparin; the expression and function of
macrophage CXCR7's link to atherosclerosis; the participation of
microtubules in intracellular cholesterol transport through
cytosolic lipid-protein particles in rat astrocytes; and teeth and
amelogenin in xenopus.
This book presents the latest developments in medicine and biology.
Chapters include research on trends in the birth prevalence of boys
with isolated hypospadias and undescended testis in Hungary during
the last 50 years; alleviating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms
using a natural factor; neutralization-enhancing RF antibodies;
advances in the diagnosis, assessment, management and outcome of
Takayasu's arteritis; macronutrients and premenstrual syndrome;
pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC); the
control of MAO expression; and what we know about iMAO.
This continuing series gathers and presents original research
results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article
has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial
topical data across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed in this book
include documenting and describing the methods and value of
medication therapy management programs; immune reconstitution
inflammatory syndrome in cryptococcal meningitis; growth hormone
deficiency in children; the barrier function of retinal pigment
epithelium; the use of lateral access in lumbar spondylolisthesis;
clinical effects of Yokukansan for tension-type headaches;
myocardial hypertrophy and periodontal disease; evaluation of
national drug policy in Sudan; mucosally-restricted leishmaniasis
in the old and new world; results of pharmacist's intervention in a
geriatric outpatient clinics based on potentially inappropriate
prescribing criteria; results in patients treated surgically with
osteodesis vs bloodless treated with plaster; and a short
commentary on an ethical analysis of banning free pharmaceutical
samples.
The chapters in this volume present the latest research in medical
research. Included are chapters that examine the vascular supply to
the skin - the largest organ in the body and thus a major barrier
to microorganisms to prevent infection; an analysis of the
Pregnancy Prevention Programme according to healthcare professional
surveys; new approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and clinical
challenges of onychomycosis - the most common nail disease which
affects approximately 5% of the population worldwide;
platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS); an examination of the
production of certain isoprostanes, which notably increases in
different cardiovascular pathological conditions or
endocrine-metabolic disorders related to endothelial dysfunction;
the measles epidemic, its prevalence in Europe and Japan and the
importance and impact of providing vaccinations; phospholipase D, a
major player in pathophysiological diseases; and finally, an
analysis of the the Brazilian Human Milk Banks Network that was
established to promote the health of women and children.
This monograph contains six chapters, each of which provides
details about recent advancements in the field of medicine and
biology. Chapter One describes the discovery of AZQ, a drug
specifically designed to shut off genes that cause brain cancer.
Chapter Two analyses the structure, stability, adaptation to
extreme environments and the catalytic mechanism of I+/--helical
membrane proteins. Chapter Three provides an up-to-date overview of
artificial intelligence (AI) in assisted reproductive treatment
(ART) clinics and explores how AI learns and develops a dataset to
provide clinical guidance. Chapter Four consists of a study focused
on the etiopathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma using
laboratory mice. Chapter Five presents and comments on the current
evidence regarding diagnostics in patients with metastatic breast
cancer based on circulating tumour cells (CTCs). Lastly, Chapter
Six reviews the pathogenetic and clinical features of inner ear
involvement in congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV), the most frequent
non-genetic cause of permanent sensorineural hearing loss in
childhood.
This edited volume contains seven chapters, each detailing recent
advancements in medicine and biology. Chapter One presents an
overview of drug-related problems in pediatrics. Chapter Two
evaluates the role that Maytenus ilicifolia can play in the
treatment of melanoma skin cancer. Chapter Three presents a review
of biosensors for lipopolysaccharides and assays for studies of
lipopolysaccharide binding interactions. Chapter Four presents a
literature review of treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome.
Chapter Five describes the application of metabolomics, a science
that quantifies and qualifies metabolites in an organism, in
bio-medical research. Chapter Six presents the results of a
systematic screening that was performed to identify macromolecules
that are able to induce accumulation of ascitic fluid in rodents.
Finally, Chapter Seven describes a study wherein the method of
gravitational mass spectroscopy was used to study the long-range
order in an ensemble of atomic nuclei clusters in chicken egg yolk
before and after adsorption by beet sugar on the chromosomes.
This book includes five chapters, each representing a recent
advancement in medicine and biology. Chapter One discusses future
aspects of sports medicine and their applications. Chapter Two
deals with clinical visual impairment in the elderly population
resulting from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's
disease. Chapter Three reviews recent promising alternatives to
protamine, which is currently used as a heparin antagonist but can
cause dangerous side effects. Chapter Four describes the factors
responsible for the development of diseases such as SARS, MERS, and
Ebola. Finally, Chapter Five discusses the future applications of
Drosophila melanogaster in neurobehavioral studies.
This edited monograph includes eight chapters, each discussing
recent advancements in the fields of medicine and biology. Chapter
One provides information on the mechanisms of polyurethane
degradation. Chapter Two reviews the inhibitory effect of
chlorogenic acid on metabolic syndrome-related vascular endothelial
cell damage, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
Chapter Three investigates the development of fatigue of rat
skeletal muscle under the action of water-soluble pristine C60
fullerenes as powerful antioxidants. Chapter Four discusses
advances in the generation of immune cells from pluripotent stem
cells and the potential of chimeric antigen receptor cells in
cancer treatment. Chapter Five describes the targeted delivery of
immunosuppressants. Chapter Six focuses on the in vitro degradation
of biopolymers using enzymes and microorganisms. Chapter Seven
reviews the risk factors for hearing loss in infants admitted to
the neonatal intensive care unit and the management of such
patients detected with hearing loss. Finally, Chapter Eight
describes recently developed methods and tools used in
physiological studies of human sensory neurons induced from human
pluripotent stem cells.
In the first chapter, the authors intend to carry on a critical
review of the different methods and approaches to determine the
biomechanical output of joint stiffness, designated as dynamic
joint stiffness by the authors. The second chapter summarizes
several preceding articles on invasive procedures applied with
questionable clinical indications in the former Soviet Union. The
aim of the third chapter is to give information about how to use
tacrolimus, in which type of glomerulonephritis and what are the
treatment results, especially remission and relapse rates. In the
fourth chapter, a ten-week experiment was conducted to assess the
effect of supplementing Synechococcus sp. and Synechocystis sp. on
the growth performance, haematology, serology and disease
resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus. In the final chapter,
discussions of the special properties of endothelial cells and
their ability to generate the thrombotic microangiopathic syndrome
and ARDS are undertaken based upon current knowledge of the
capillary endothelial cells. Attempts are made to address the
current pathophysiology of non-idiopathic thrombotic
microangiopathy.
Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 164 begins by proposing
that first-line chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer
consensus molecular subtypes appears to be a prognostic factor that
is able to provide information about growth rate. The authors go on
to review the current and future applications of bioartificial
grafts and conduits in the bridging of peripheral nerve defects.
Ginsenoside Rb1 and phosphoramidon are studied in the zebrafish
model of diabetic retinopathy, a progressive proliferative and
non-proliferative disorder of retina with alterations of the
blood-retinal barrier. Basic knowledge on the events from follicle
development to implantation crucial to achieve successful
conception as well as contraception is presented, describing the
mechanism of contraceptive action of Chhaya. Hydroxydaunorubicin,
also known as doxorubicin, a metabolite of Streptomyces peucetius
and a prominent family member of anthracycline antibiotics is
studied. The authors also review the possible mechanisms by which
doxorubicin provokes concomitant side effects and clinical
disorders, as well as the damage-assaying biochemical markers and
the metabolites in these conditions. Updated data with a systematic
search through the largest medical information databases is used to
assess the therapeutic and preventive role in urinary incontinence
of pelvic floor rehabilitation in pregnancy and postpartum. In
closing, recent studies on the host and lactic acid bacteria as
well as probiotic interactions in terms of molecular and cellular
mechanisms of action via signaling pathways, apoptosis, and heat
shock proteins are reviewed.
Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 163 begins by discussing
lipidomics, a newly emerging field of biomedical research that uses
a mass spectrometry-based tool for the quantitative and qualitative
analysis of complex lipids in the biological system. Following
this, the authors analyze basic aspects of the cellular processes
involved in olfactory signal transduction, focusing on the
neurogenic processes of neuronal stem cells from the olfactory
neuroepithelium. Recent information from several experimental
studies is presented highlighting the application of CCl4 as an
inducer of pathophysiological changes in key organs of the body.
The preparation, advantages and multi-functionality of nano
emulsions is reviewed in the context of their potential
applications in targeted drug delivery. The existing preclinical
and clinical studies carried out with sacubitril-valsartan (and
other drugs with similar pharmacological mechanisms) in heart
failure and hypertensive patients are described. The authors go on
to explore monoclonal antibodies targeting multiple myeloma, a
plasma cell neoplasia accounting for 10% of hemopoietic neoplasias.
The closing study examines the various approaches for mitral valve
surgery, comparing and contrasting the benefits and drawbacks of
each.
Volume 154 first compares the scleral buckle procedure to pneumatic
retinopexy and vitrectomy for the repair of primary rhegmatogenous
retinal detachment to evaluate patient outcomes, single surgery
reattachment rate, and complications. Following this, the authors
review recent advances in liver organoids differentiated from
pluripotent stem cells and discuss the future directions of
organoid technology. Additionally, the authors compare the efficacy
of low-level red and infrared laser irradiation for the correction
of adverse side effects in the oral mucosa in patients receiving
(chemo)radiotherapy for oral and pharyngeal cancer. In vivo oral
mucosa state monitoring is carried out in patients during the
course of oral and pharyngeal cancer radiation/chemoradiation
therapy using multimodal optical coherence tomography. An overview
of the current methods used for diagnosing, classification of
fractures, treatment, and prevention of periprosthetic femur
fractures following total hip arthroplasty is provided. This
collection also investigates the presence of kyphosis in
adolescents and the association between the incidence of kyphosis
and age, the average duration of the sports training, body mass
index, weight, height and pulse in adolescents who have
participated in karate, swimming and handball. The authors attempt
to describe advancements in the electrochemistry of cytochrome P450
enzymes and study molecular aspects and catalytic behavior of
enzymatic electrocatalysis. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of
major causes of liver fibrosis, medicinal plants and the role of
medicinal plants in combatting liver fibrosis is provided. Lastly,
this compilation recapitulates the history of artificial
intelligence in Chinese medicine, focusing on the way Chinese
medicine is being revolutionized by this state-of-the-art
technology, and how healthcare in China is influenced by various
artificial intelligence systems.
Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 156 first defines
endovascular aortic aneurysm repair as the treating of an abdominal
aortic aneurysm by placing a stent graft device over guide wires
inside the aneurysmal aorta, with the aim of achieving secure
fixation and sealing at non-diseased proximal and distal landing
zones. Abdominal aortic aneurysm has an atherosclerotic origin;
however, rare cases are immune-related, such as those from IgG4 or
infections. Among the infectious agents, the authors discuss
tuberculosis bacillus, the Salmonella typhi, but also Streptococcus
sp., Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
and Treponema pallidum. Next, the authors discuss fentanyl, a
piperidine derivative opioid analgesic agent that has clinical uses
worldwide, originally developed by Janssen and his collegues
(Janssen 1959, 309). The systematic name is
N-(1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidinyl-N-phenylpropanamide. Since its
discovery in the heroin supply in 1979, fentanyl and fentanyl
analogs have been linked with epidemics of accidental overdose and
death. More recently, the increased contamination of heroin with
fentanyl and fentanyl analogs has been associated with accelerated
national opioid overdose death rates in the United States.
Following this, an overview of the systemic and topical
corticosteroids used in dermatology is provided, and new
classification methods to improve efficacy and minimize side
effects are discussed. The authors go on to discuss prostatitis, an
infectious disease caused by several bacteria. Approximately 8.2%
of men have been affected by prostatitis which damages the
ejaculatory ducts, causing infertility. The silver tree, Abies alba
Mill. is a monoecious tree from the Pinaceae family. The fir has
several uses in food and cosmetic industry, as well as in
phototherapy and traditional medicine. As such, the antimicrobial
activities of the essential oils of Abies species against some
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeasts are explored.
The penultimate chapter focuses on arthrosis or osteoarthritis of
the knee, a local disease of the knee joint, and presents a
clinical manifestation of degenerative changes in affected joints.
The authors explore how procedures of physical therapy and
rehabilitation alone or in combination with pharmacologic treatment
can relieve pain and improve function in patients with knee
osteoarthritis. The concluding chapter describes current concepts
regarding the correlation between tinnitus and cochlear implants.
Possible physiopathological mechanisms of tinnitus reduction after
cochlear implant may involve several aspects, such as habituation,
acoustic masking, direct electrical nerve stimulation and cortical
reorganization.
In the opening chapter the authors describe the importance of the
response of photon counting detectors, as well as taking into
consideration the detectors response when analyzing objects using a
multi-pixel-type photon counting detector for medical X-ray
imaging. Following this, the authors discuss how the image quality
of radionuclide tomography strongly depends on the method of
reconstruction, which can be broadly classified into two types:
filtered back projection and iterative reconstruction. Vitamin E
function, metabolism, nutritional recommendation and the role of
biofortification is also addressed. The authors discuss poly(methyl
methacrylate), an artificial polymer resin that can be produced
through distinct processes, including solution, suspension and
emulsion polymerizations. Particularly, poly(methyl methacrylate)
is completely amorphous, but presents high tensile strength and
excellent dimensional stability due to its rigid polymer chains.
Next, the authors highlight the taxonomy, description and
characterization tests of carbapenem resistant bacteria in the
environment, as well as epidemiology updates and clinical aspects
of infections caused by these microorganisms. Nutrient conditions
affect the reproductive potential and life span of many organisms
through the insulin signaling pathway. Although this is well
characterised in female oogenesis, it has been shown that male
reproductive organ also acts as a nutrient sensor to optimize
fecundity. The closing chapter discusses the Drosophila male
accessory gland, as it has functions similar to those of the
mammalian prostate gland and the seminal vesicle, and secretes
accessory gland proteins into the seminal fluid.
This compilation opens with a review of the structure and life
cycle of neuraminidase in influenza A, and also discusses the
method of developing neuraminidase inhibitors derived from natural
products and peptides. Following this, the authors describe the
different uses of chlorhexidine in the medical field, focusing on
dental use. Particularly, the authors discuss its: properties,
chemistry, forms of presentation, substantivity and cytotoxicity;
uses in dentistry: cariology, periodontology, oral surgery and
endodontics. Additionally, the authors discuss rufinamide, a novel
triazole derivative which differs from commercial antiepileptic
drugs. It is used as an adjunctive medicine in children, adults and
the elder population, and administered orally. One study discusses
antiviral treatment for the avian influenza A virus using
neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir and zanamivir.
Although both inhibitors show therapeutic and prophylactic
activities against the H5N1 strains, it is proposed that treatment
should be further developed in order to increase the efficiency of
the inhibitors against the strains. Angiogenesis or
neovascularization is a global term which indicates the
physiological process involving the sprouting of new blood vessels
from the pre-existing ones. The development of new blood vessels
from differentiating endothelial cells is called vasculogenesis.
This collection addresses how these processes are vital for tissue
development and wound healing in damaged tissues. The spectrum of
spondyloarthritides with inflammatory bowel disease and
enteropathic arthritis is examined in an effort to give the reader
an insight into the risk factors, treatment and prognosis of this
clinically challenging rheumatic disease. Later, the principles of
optical coherence tomography-guided femtosecond laser cataract
surgery are explored. The combination of femtosecond laser surgery
and optical coherence tomography imaging simultaneously guides the
development of next-generation femtosecond surgical lasers in
cataract surgery and explores femtosecond-laser surgical
strategies. The authors present a novel colorimetric method for the
assay of XI using a reducing monosaccharide determination. The test
solution was mixed with 20-fold volume of the 50 mM Na2SiO3, 600 mM
Na2MoO4, and 0.95 M HCl aqueous solution (pH 4.5), in which a
yellow molybdosilicate species was formed. The penultimate chapter
introduces the origin, preparation, applications of Taiyi Shenzhen
(Taiyi Moxa Stick Moxibustion), and reviews the relevant research
in the past ten years. The concluding study focuses on the daily
foraging of honeybees, which is one of the most well-organized
social behaviors that exist among social insects. Honeybees are
extensively used model animals in behavioral studies for
understanding the time-space learning, landmark use and concept of
learning.
Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 155 reviews whether the
non-surgical and non-pharmacological interventions commonly used
for knee osteoarthritis patients are effective and, if effective,
which ones are the most effective. For this, randomized controlled
trials were identified through electronic databases. Following
this, the authors discuss how the early identification of target
subjects who are at high cardiometabolic risk is important for
critical lifestyle interventions and pharmacological management
strategies. Additionally, they discuss the diversity,
biotechnological applications and sustainable bioproduction of
chitinases enzyme from Streptomyces origin, as well as their
properties, production and potential applications in the industrial
and biotechnological spheres. New strategies such as the use of
atomic force microscopy, the isolation of cardiomyocytes, primary
culturing in different types of substrates as well as
transcriptomic studies are enabling the understanding of how these
cells can be affected by different pathologies. As such, in this
compilation these issues are updated by analyzing how new
approaches to basic aspects of the structure and physiology of
cardiomyocytes can be of clinical relevance. This collection also
discusses chitotriosidase and acidic mammalian chitinase belonging
to the chitinase family. This family includes 18 chitinases united
by the features of their molecular structure. Degenerative lumbar
spondylolisthesis is a common, multifactorial process also
associated with aging, which frequently causes central canal
stenosis. Several types of interbody fusion procedures that may
treat of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis are examined,
particularly lateral lumbar interbody fusion. The final chapter
explores the role surgical intervention plays in the diagnosis,
staging, and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma.
This collection begins by discussing bendamustine, a nitrogen
mustard derivative that consists of a meclorethamine group, butyric
acid and a benzimidazole ring. Bendamustine has been synthesized in
1963, but in recent years it has been shown to be effective in
treating lymphoproliferative diseases and solid tumors.
Additionally, the authors present the efficacy of structure
variation of bendamustine for the enhancement of the lipid membrane
partitioning and tissue penetration, as well as drug-likeness. A
total of 10 novel compounds are presented, wherein seven have
higher Log P values and three have lower Log P values than that of
bendamustine. Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 149 also
discusses metabolic syndrome, a growing major clinical challenge
for global health resultant from over-consumption of energy and
obesity. Following this, the authors address the importance of
antimicrobial resistance in human and veterinary medicine, focusing
on antimicrobial peptides such as nisin as therapeutic
alternatives. A study is presented wherein it is concluded that
oligodendrocyte dysfunction in multiple system atrophy
significantly affects subcortical anatomical pathways. Moreover,
the spatial patterns of the glial cytoplasmic inclusions in
multiple system atrophy contrast with those reported for
filamentous neuronal inclusions in other neurodegenerative
diseases. Next, the authors summarize the recent discoveries
expounding how I(2)-cell identity and heterogeneity evolve in
diabetes mellitus, discussing a new perspective of I(2)-cell
function salvage in diabetes mellitus development. Yeast cell cycle
arrest and its consequences are analyzed in the subsequent chapter.
Cell cycle arrest results in programmed cell death, such as
apoptosis, wherein cells are made to commit suicide. The
penultimate study evaluates the effect of anodal transcranial
direct current stimulation on cognitive and neurophysiological
functions in patients with moderate cognitive impairment. Lastly,
to investigate the role of CD44 in the development of allergic
respiratory inflammation, a mouse model of airway allergic
inflammation induced by transnasal administration of helminthic and
mite allergens is used to analyze bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and
airway hyper responsiveness.
In this compilation, the authors first describe the combined
negatively-biased and unbiased cocaine conditioning procedure,
aiming to study the potential influence of the initial spontaneous
exploratory bias on subsequent cocaine conditioning. Next, the
authors perform a critical review about the efficacy of mirtazapine
in the treatment of substance dependence and anxiety and related
disorders in order to help clinicians, pharmacists and other
healthcare workers. Transurethral drug delivery is reviewed, as
well as and the application of ketorolac as an intravesical
therapy. Ketorolac tromethamine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug and a potent analgesic. The authors go on to discuss current
trends in re-innervating functional muscle transfers and the
neurophysiological basis for these various techniques. Later, the
microglial response to the process of motoneuronal cell death is
analysed by using ionised Ca2+ binding adapter molecule-1 and cFms
as microglial markers. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates
that the number of anti-Iba1 antibody-staining cells increased in
the axotomised facial nucleus during 3-5 days post-insult. In the
penultimate chapter, a detailed examination was performed of facial
muscle innervation by the terminal branches of the facial nerve, in
particular the microanatomical distribution to the orbicularis
oculi muscle and orbicularis oris muscle. The final study discusses
the advantages and concerns related to the use of biofilm reactors
for the production of high-value products, and the current
challenges to establish E. coli biofilms as a valuable platform to
produce recombinant proteins.
In Volume 146, the authors begin by exploring the mammalian eye
lens, a unique transparent organ, with a distinctive cellular
architecture and polarity. For more than a century, it has been
used as a model to study mechanisms of induction, morphogenesis,
differentiation and disease. Following this, the authors discuss
guanylate-binding protein-1 (GBP-1), an interferon-inducible large
GTPase involved in the epithelial barrier and cell proliferation.
Induction of GBP-1 by proinflammatory cytokines is regulated via
various signaling pathways and is a reliable marker of
interferon-y-activated cells in various diseases. This compilation
also examines remifentanil, a synthetic fentanyl derivative and
ultra-short acting, selective -opioid receptor agonist. Its
chemical structure includes a methyl-ester ring that allows its
hydrolysis by non-specific plasma and tissue esterases. The authors
suggest that the role of sevoflurane in preventing oxidative damage
and inflammatory response to ventilator injury-induced lung injury
requires further investigation. Sevoflurane is a halogenated
anaesthetic developed in the early 1970s which preserves the
hypoxic vasoconstriction reflex, doesn't irritate the airways, and
maintains self-regulation of the district circles. Additionally,
the current knowledge on immune-checkpoint inhibitors, immune
mediated hepatitis and pancreatitis is summarised.
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors continue to revolutionise cancer
therapy and are expected to be utilized in an increasing number of
malignancies in the coming years. The closing chapter discusses
vitamin E, a collective term including compounds which are either
naturally occurring or synthetic analogues exhibiting the
biological activity of vitamin E. Vitamin E is a micronutrient and
fat-soluble vitamin which has an important role in human beings,
particularly children.
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